tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27097494449945637342024-03-08T03:09:48.815-08:00Reflexions in International Criminal LawChile Eboe-Osujihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12099347379732925297noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709749444994563734.post-24424570921122005872011-08-16T14:53:00.001-07:002011-08-17T01:02:13.869-07:00Statement of Qualification - Chile Eboe-Osuji - Candidate for Judicial Elections - International Criminal Court - 2011 <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:pixelsperinch>96</o:PixelsPerInch> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> 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10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Calibri;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> <div class="WordSection1"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; "><span class="Apple-style-span">Chile EBOE-OSUJI is a candidate for election as a judge of the International Criminal Court in December 2011. Nominated by Nigeria and endorsed by both the African Union (AU) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).</span></span></p><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span">The AU endorsement may be found at paragraph 4(ii) at page 2 of AU Decision EX.CL/Dec.638(XVIII) of 24 - 28 January 2011 found <a href="http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/COUNCIL_EN_24_28_JANUARY_2011_%20EXECUTIVE_COUNCIL_EIGHTEENTH_ORDINARY_SESSION.pdf">here</a>; and reaffirmed in paragraph 6(iv) at page 3 of AU Decision EX.CL/Dec.664(XIX) of 23 - 28 June 2011 found <a href="http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/EX%20CL%20Dec%20644-667%20(XIX)%20_E.pdf">here</a></span></span></li></ul><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span">The ECOWAS endorsement may be found at paragraph 25 of this ECOWAS Heads of States and Governments communique found <a href="http://www.stopepa.de/img/FINAL_COMMUNIQUE_Ecowas.pdf">here</a></span></span></li></ul><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Response to the CICC Questionnaire may be found <a href="http://www.iccnow.org/documents/CICC_Judicial_Questionnaire_-_Chile_Eboe-Osuji.pdf">here</a></span></span></li></ul><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Updated curriculum vitae appears as a tab in the August 2011 'Blog Archive' sidebar on this page, to your right</span></span></li></ul><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Statement of Qualification appears immediately below:</span></span></li></ul><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span">
<br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Courier New";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">ICC JUDICIAL ELECTIONS (2011)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Courier New";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">NIGERIA’S NOMINATION OF CANDIDATE</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:26.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Courier New";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">CHILE EBOE-OSUJI</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Courier New";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><u><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Courier New";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">STATEMENT OF QUALIFICATION</span></u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia; "> </span></p> </div> <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Impact;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">
<br /></span> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Impact;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">Introduction</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Impact; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">The following statement, together with the attached <u>curriculum</u> <u>vitae</u>, demonstrates the qualifications of <b>Mr Chile Eboe-Osuji, nominated by the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and endorsed by the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States,</b> as candidate for election as a judge of the International Criminal Court in the 2011 judicial elections.</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Impact;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Impact;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">I. Character, Judicial Disposition and Qualifications</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Impact; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:normal;mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 252.0pt 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">QUALIFICATION REQUIRED</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">:</span><span> </span><i><span style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">‘The judges shall be chosen from among persons of high moral character, impartiality and integrity who possess the qualifications required in their respective States for appointment to the highest judicial offices.’</span></i><span style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> [Article 36(3)(a) of the ICC Statute.]</span><span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">CANDIDATE’S QUALIFICATION</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">:</span><span> </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">Mr Eboe-Osuji is of high moral character and possesses the judicial qualities of impartiality and integrity. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -17.85pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">He has never faced a charge of criminal or professional misconduct.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">He possesses qualifications required for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court of Nigeria, being one of the highest judicial offices in Nigeria.</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Impact;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">II. Relevant Competences</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:normal;mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 252.0pt 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">A. QUALIFICATION REQUIRED [LIST A]</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">: </span><i><span style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">‘Every candidate for election to the Court shall … [h]ave established competence in criminal law and procedure, and the necessary relevant experience, whether as judge, prosecutor, advocate or in other similar capacity, in criminal proceedings …’</span></i><span style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">. [Article 36(3)(b)(i).]</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Georgia; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">CANDIDATE’S QUALIFICATION</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">: </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">Mr Eboe-Osuji has established competence in the following areas relevant to <b>List A</b>:</span><span style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">He has established considerable competence in <b>substantive criminal law</b> and <b>criminal procedure</b>. His competence derives from <b>twenty-five years</b> of <b>experience and familiarity</b> with <b>professional advocacy in the courtroom, with specific reference to criminal proceedings.</b> In addition, he has worked in <b>senior legal advisory capacities</b> to the <b>United Nations</b> — and rendered legal advisory services to the <b>Government of Nigeria</b> and <b>foreign Governments</b> <span> </span>— on questions of international law. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">He has practiced <b>criminal law </b>in both the <b>national </b>and the<b> international </b>legal arenas. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">In the <b>national</b> arena(s) he has practiced in the courts of Nigeria and Canada. For many years, he appeared as <b>counsel</b> in serious criminal, constitutional and civil cases. He has litigated cases in magistrates’ courts in Nigeria and provincial courts in Canada; superior courts in Nigeria and Canada; the Court of Appeal for Ontario (Canada) and the Supreme Court of Canada.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">In the <b>international</b> arena, he has litigated cases before the <b>International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</b> (<b>ICTR</b>), <b>Special Court for Sierra Leone</b> (<b>SCSL</b>) and the <b>European Court of Human Rights</b>. His experience includes <b>fifteen years</b> of <b>practical work</b> in the field of <b>international criminal law</b>. In that regard, he has performed functions including in the capacities of <b>senior prosecution trial counsel</b> at the ICTR<b> </b>and <b>senior prosecution appeals counsel</b> at the SCSL. Prior to working in those higher-level positions, he had worked as <b>prosecution counsel</b> in <b>several cases</b> at the ICTR, at the pre-trial stage. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">In addition to his advocacy work</span></b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"> before judges of international criminal courts, he also has <b>extensive experience </b>— in a <b>senior legal advisory capacity</b> behind the scenes — assisting ICTR <b>trial</b> and <b>appellate judges</b> in the <b>drafting of many judgments and decisions</b>. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">His specific areas of competence include the following: <b>international criminal law</b> (with specific reference to genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes); <b>international humanitarian law</b>; <b>international human rights law</b>; <b>public international law</b>; <b>criminal law of Nigeria</b>, <b>criminal law of Canada</b>, and <b>criminal law in the common law world</b>. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">He also has <b>expertise</b> in international law relating to the <b>crime of aggression</b>, in virtue of his research and legal advisory assistance to the Delegation of Nigeria to the ICC Assembly of States Parties Special Working Group on the Definition of the Crime of Aggression.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">
<br /></span></b> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">B. ALTERNATIVE QUALIFICATION [REQUIRED FOR LIST B]</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">:</span><span> </span><i><span style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">‘Every candidate for election to the Court shall [as an alternative to List A qualification] … [h]ave </span></i><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">established competence in relevant areas of international law such as international humanitarian law and the law of human rights, and extensive experience in a professional legal capacity which is of relevance to the judicial work of the Court.’</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">[Article 36(3)(b)(ii).]</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">THE CANDIDATE AND THE ALTERNATIVE QUALIFICATION</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"> </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">Although a candidate who has the qualification required for <b>List A</b> is not required to also have the alternative qualification required for List B, it is notable that in addition to his practical experience and competences in criminal courtroom work that qualify him for List A, <b>Mr Eboe-Osuji also has very strong competences and experience</b> in the <b>alternative qualification</b> that also qualify him for <b>List B</b>. A summary appears below:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">He is currently the senior<b> advisor</b> to the <b>UN High Commissioner for Human Rights,</b> on matters of international law and international legal policy. In that capacity, he regularly assists and advises the High Commissioner on questions of law and policy that attend her mandate to protect and promote human rights all over the world. In this regard, Mr Eboe-Osuji regularly advises and assists the High Commissioner in relation to the <b>role of the ICC</b> and the other <b>international criminal courts and tribunals</b>, as well as regional and national courts, in the fight against impunity;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">He has <b>taught</b> <b>international criminal law</b> at the Faculty of Law, University of Ottawa, Canada. As well, he has appeared as guest lecturer or speaker on numerous speaking engagements on the subject of international criminal law;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">He provided legal advisory assistance to Nigeria’s Delegation to the Special Working Group on the <b>Definition of the Crime of Aggression</b>;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">He has also provided <b>professional legal advisory services</b> to foreign Governments on questions of <b>international law</b>;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">He has an <b>extensive record of research and publications</b> in the area of <b>international criminal law</b>, <b>international human rights law</b> and <b>public international law</b>. His research and writing include, but are not limited to the following topics:</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">definition and analysis of rape in international criminal law; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">rape as genocide; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">rape and superior responsibility in international law; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">forced marriage and international criminal law; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">reparation for sexual violence against women during war;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">prosecution of sexual violence as part of transitional justice efforts in post-conflict societies;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">superior responsibility at the ad hoc tribunals; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">joint criminal enterprise in international criminal law; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">the role of the Security Council in prosecuting the crime of aggression;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">international law, mercenary activities and conflict prevention in Africa; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">vague indictments and questions of justice at the international criminal tribunals; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">murder as a crime against humanity; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">genocide, justice and the forensic sensibilities of the International Committee of the Red Cross; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">complicity in genocide and aiding and abetting genocide; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">the jurisdiction to prosecute foreigners for crimes against humanity committed abroad; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">state immunity, state atrocities, and civil justice in the modern era of international law; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">responsibility of states for genocide; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">the intent element of the war crime of terrorism; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">aviation terrorism; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">grave breaches as war crimes;<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">deliberate attacks against civilians as crimes against humanity; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">burning as a mode of the war crime of pillage; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">interlocutory appeals at the ad hoc tribunals; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">the ‘defence’ of necessity in international criminal law; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">curbing war through law; and<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">alibi in international criminal law.</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Impact;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">III. Specific Expertise on Questions of Violence against Women and Children</span><b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">DESIRABLE QUALIFICATION</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">: </span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:INKKEH+TimesNewRoman; color:black">‘States Parties shall also take into account the need to include judges with legal expertise on specific issues, including, but not limited to, violence against women or children.’</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: INKKEH+TimesNewRoman;color:black"> [</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:INKKEH+TimesNewRoman;color:black">Article 36(8)(b).]</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family: INKKEH+TimesNewRoman;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height: 115%;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">THE CANDIDATE AND THE DESIRABLE QUALIFICATION</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">: </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">Mr Eboe-Osuji has expertise on various topics of international criminal law. He has developed a particular expertise on the subjected of <b>armed conflict and violence against women</b>. He also has experience on the subject of <b>children </b>and armed conflict. A summary of his practical and scholarly experience and expertise in these regards includes the following:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">His <b>practical courtroom litigation work</b> in relation to <b>sexual violence against women</b> and <b>violence against children</b> includes the following cases:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New""><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Prosecutor</span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> v <u>Semanza</u> (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda): as senior prosecution trial counsel:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:92.15pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"><span>§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">he conducted trial litigation on the count of rape<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:92.15pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"><span>§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">he conducted trial litigation on the count of rape as torture<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New""><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Prosecutor</span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> v <u>Brima</u> <u>et</u> <u>al</u> (Special Court for Sierra Leone): as senior prosecution appeals counsel: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:92.15pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"><span>§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">he conducted appellate litigation on forced marriage <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:92.15pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"><span>§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">he conducted appellate litigation on duplicity of indictment regarding sexual slavery and sexual violence<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New""><span>o<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Prosecutor</span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> v <u>Fofana</u> <u>&</u> <u>Kondewa</u> (Special Court for Sierra Leone): as senior prosecution appeals counsel:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:92.15pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"><span>§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">he conducted appellate litigation against Trial Chamber's denial of leave to amend indictment to add counts of sexual violence<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:92.15pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"><span>§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">he conducted appellate litigation against Trial Chamber's denial of leave to lead evidence of sexual violence during the trial<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:92.15pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"><span>§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">he conducted appellate litigation against Trial Chamber's acquittal on the count of use of child soldiers.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">He has also <b>assisted judges at the ICTR in drafting judgments</b> dealing with <b>sexual violence against women</b> during the Rwandan Genocide.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">In addition</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> to Courtroom litigation experience with cases involving charges of violence against women, Mr Eboe-Osuji has a <b>solid record of scholarly research and writing</b> on the subject. These include the following:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin-top:0cm" type="disc"> <ul style="margin-top:0cm" type="circle"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">a book soon to be published by Martinus Nijhoff under the working title of <u>International Law and Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict</u>; <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">definition and analysis of rape in international criminal law (journal article); <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">rape as genocide (journal article); <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">rape and superior responsibility in international law (journal article); <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">sexual violence in armed conflicts as the war crime of terrorism (journal article); <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">the question of forced marriage in international criminal law (book chapter);<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">reparation for sexual violence against women during war (book chapter);<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">prosecution of sexual violence as part of transitional justice efforts in post-conflict societies (book chapter);</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">sexual violence against women as a particular brand of evil during armed conflict (book chapter).</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> </ul> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Impact;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">IV. Preferred List<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">Mr Eboe-Osuji is <b>qualified for both Lists A and B</b>. As he is required to elect only one list, he elects to be placed on <b>List A</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Impact;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">V. Nationality<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">Mr Eboe-Osuji is a citizen of Nigeria, where he exercises civil and political rights.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Impact;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">VI. Native Legal and Geographic Representation<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:17.85pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-17.85pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">Although Mr Eboe-Osuji is from the <b>common law tradition</b>, he has working familiarity with the continental criminal law tradition.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">If elected, he will be the only Nigerian ever to serve as a judge on the Court.</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></span></p> <!--EndFragment-->Chile Eboe-Osujihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12099347379732925297noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709749444994563734.post-78216778571099962252011-08-15T14:04:00.000-07:002011-08-17T01:04:15.959-07:00Curriculum Vitae - Chile Eboe-Osuji - Candidate for Judicial Elections - International Criminal Court - 2011<b>Chile EBOE-OSUJI</b> is a candidate for election as a judge of the International Criminal Court in December 2011. Nominated by Nigeria and endorsed by both the African Union (AU) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).<div>
<br /></div><div><ul><li>The AU endorsement may be found at paragraph 4(ii) at page 2 of AU Decision EX.CL/Dec.638(XVIII) of 24 - 28 January 2011 found <a href="http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/COUNCIL_EN_24_28_JANUARY_2011_%20EXECUTIVE_COUNCIL_EIGHTEENTH_ORDINARY_SESSION.pdf">here</a>; and reaffirmed in paragraph 6(iv) at page 3 of AU Decision EX.CL/Dec.664(XIX) of 23 - 28 June 2011 found <a href="http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/EX%20CL%20Dec%20644-667%20(XIX)%20_E.pdf">here</a></li></ul><ul><li>The ECOWAS endorsement may be found at paragraph 25 of this ECOWAS Heads of States and Governments communique found <a href="http://www.stopepa.de/img/FINAL_COMMUNIQUE_Ecowas.pdf">here</a></li></ul><ul><li>Statement of Qualification appears as a tab in the August 2011 'Blog Archive' sidebar on this page, to your right; the plain vanilla ICC version appears here in <a href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/Elections/EJ2011/ICC-ASP-EJ2011-NI-ST-ENG.pdf">English</a>, <a href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/Elections/EJ2011/ICC-ASP-EJ2011-NI-ST-FRA.pdf">French</a>, <a href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/Elections/EJ2011/ICC-ASP-EJ2011-NI-ST-SPA.pdf">Spanish</a></li></ul><ul><li>A video excerpt of the opening statement in the <i>Bagosora</i> Case (delivered at the ICTR in April 2002) appears at the bottom of this page</li></ul><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; ">Response to the CICC Questionnaire may be found <a href="http://www.iccnow.org/documents/CICC_Judicial_Questionnaire_-_Chile_Eboe-Osuji.pdf">here</a></span></li></ul><ul><li>Updated curriculum vitae appears immediately below:</li></ul>
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mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoTitle" align="left" style="text-align:left"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Some Personal Data</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Garamond"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="459" style="margin-left:5.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <tbody><tr> <td width="104" valign="top" style="width:103.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoBodyText2"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Date of Birth:</span></i></p> </td> <td width="356" valign="top" style="width:355.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">2 September 1962<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="104" valign="top" style="width:103.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="356" valign="top" style="width:355.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="104" valign="top" style="width:103.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Gender:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="356" valign="top" style="width:355.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Male<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Garamond"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoTitle" align="left" style="text-align:left"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Cooper Black'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Professional Affiliations</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Garamond"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="459" style="margin-left:5.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <tbody><tr> <td width="180" valign="top" style="width:180.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Called to the following Bars:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="27" valign="top" style="width:27.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(1)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="165" valign="top" style="width:164.75pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Nigeria</span></p></td><td width="87" valign="top" style="width:87.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">September </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; ">1986</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180" valign="top" style="width:180.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="27" valign="top" style="width:27.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(2)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="165" valign="top" style="width:164.75pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Ontario (Canada)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="87" valign="top" style="width:87.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">February 1993<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180" valign="top" style="width:180.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="27" valign="top" style="width:27.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(3)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="165" valign="top" style="width:164.75pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">British Columbia (Canada)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="87" valign="top" style="width:87.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">November 1993<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180" valign="top" style="width:180.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="27" valign="top" style="width:27.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="CC" align="right" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: right;text-indent:0cm;mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="165" valign="top" style="width:164.75pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="87" valign="top" style="width:87.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180" valign="top" style="width:180.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Member of the following Societies:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="27" valign="top" style="width:27.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(1)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="165" valign="top" style="width:164.75pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Nigerian Bar Assoc'n<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="87" valign="top" style="width:87.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180" valign="top" style="width:180.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="27" valign="top" style="width:27.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(2)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="252" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:252.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Law Society of Upper Canada<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180" valign="top" style="width:180.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="27" valign="top" style="width:27.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(3)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="252" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:252.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Advocates’ Society of Ontario (Canada)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180" valign="top" style="width:180.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="27" valign="top" style="width:27.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(4)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="252" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:252.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Canadian Council on International Law<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180" valign="top" style="width:180.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="27" valign="top" style="width:27.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(5)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="252" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:252.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">American Society of International Law<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180" valign="top" style="width:180.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="27" valign="top" style="width:27.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(6)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="252" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:252.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">British Institute of International Law<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180" valign="top" style="width:180.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="27" valign="top" style="width:27.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(7)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="252" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:252.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">International Law Association<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Garamond"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <h4 align="left" style="text-align:left"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Cooper Black'; "><span class="Apple-style-span">Professional Experience</span><o:p></o:p></span></h4> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Garamond"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="491" style="margin-left:5.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <tbody><tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">2010—date<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="414" valign="top" style="width:414.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><b>The Legal Advisor to the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights</b></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">UNITED NATIONS, OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, </span>Geneva, Switzerland</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Provides legal and policy advice to the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights in relation to her functions of protecting and promoting human rights all over the world.</i>]<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Garamond"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="491" style="margin-left:5.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <tbody><tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">2011—date<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="414" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:414.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><b>Principal Appeals Counsel for the Prosecution (in the </b></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Georgia"><b>Charles Taylor<i> Case)</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE, The Hague, The Netherlands<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Retained by the Office of the Prosecutor, on a special arrangement, to appear as principal appeals counsel for the prosecution, to assist the Chief Prosecutor in the prosecution of the appeal in the Case of Charles Taylor, the former President of Liberia.</i>]</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">2008—2010<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="414" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:414.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><b>Head of Chambers</b></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">UNITED NATIONS, INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA Arusha, Tanzania <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Principal legal adviser in Chambers; supervising over 50 lawyers and legal interns in their provision of legal assistance to the Judges of the ICTR by way of research on criminal law and procedure in common law jurisdictions, Canadian criminal law and procedure, international criminal law and procedure, international humanitarian law, international human rights law, public international law<span> </span>and procedure; Responsible for Drafting of Legal Opinions, Decisions and Judgments for Judges of an ICTR Trial Chamber, supervising other legal officers to the Judges in their research and writing for the Judges; etc.</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">2007—2008<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="414" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:414.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><b>Senior Appeals Counsel for the Prosecution</b><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE, Freetown, Sierra Leone <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Represented the Prosecutor of the Special Court for Sierra Leone as a senior appeals counsel in prosecution appeals before the Appeals Chamber of the Court; Drafted Legal Briefs, Memorials, Submissions and other Legal Documents; coordinating the work of a prosecution appeal team.</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">2006—2007<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="414" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:414.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><b>Lecturer</b><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">FACULTY OF LAW, English Common Law Section, UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA, Ontario, Canada<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Taught international criminal law to students at the Faculty of Law of the University of Ottawa</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family: Modern;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">2005—2007<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="414" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:414.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <h2><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Georgia; ">Barrister-at-Law<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">BORDEN LADNER GERVAIS LLP, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Argued Cases in Courts and Administrative Tribunals, Drafted Pleadings, Legal Briefs and other Legal Documents, Conducted Legal Research and Wrote Legal Opinions and Research Papers, etc</i>.]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">2003—</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">2005</span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"> <o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="414" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:414.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <h2><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Georgia; ">Senior Legal Officer in Chambers<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">UNITED NATIONS, INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA Arusha, Tanzania <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Provided legal assistance to the Judges in Trial Chamber II by way of research on criminal law and procedure in common law jurisdictions, Canadian criminal law and procedure, international criminal law and procedure, international humanitarian law, international human rights law, public international law<span> </span>and procedure; Responsible for Drafting of Legal Opinions, Decisions and Judgments for Judges of an ICTR Trial Chamber, supervising other legal officers to the Judges in their research and writing for the Judges; etc.</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></p> <h2><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Georgia; "><o:p> </o:p></span></h2> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">2000—2003 <o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="414" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:414.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <h2><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Georgia; ">Senior Trial Attorney/Lead Prosecution Counsel<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">UNITED NATIONS, INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA, Arusha, Tanzania <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Represented the Prosecutor of the Tribunal as a trial team leader in the prosecution of the Cases of Bagosora, Nsengiyuumva, Kabiligi and Ntabakuze and the Semanza Case; Drafted Legal Briefs, Memorials, Submissions and other Legal Documents; supervising a trial team.</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1999—2000 <o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="414" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:414.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <h2><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Georgia; ">Head Legal Officer in the Appeals Chamber<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">UNITED NATIONS, INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA (APPEALS CHAMBER), The Hague, The Netherlands <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Provided legal assistance to the Appeals Judges by way of research on criminal law and procedure in common law jurisdictions, Canadian criminal law and procedure, international criminal law and procedure, international humanitarian law, international human rights law, public international law<span> </span>and procedure; Responsible for Drafting Legal Opinions, Decisions and Judgments for Judges of the ICTR Appeals Chamber, supervised other legal officers to the Judges in their research and writing for the Judges; etc.</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1999(02—09)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="414" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:414.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <h2><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Georgia; ">Prosecution Counsel/Assistant Trial Attorney<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">UNITED NATIONS, INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA, <b>Arusha</b>, Tanzania <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Represented the United Nations in its prosecution, before the ICTR, of war crimes, crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and other international crimes committed by Rwandans in Rwanda and in neighbouring states during 1994.</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1997—1999(02)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="405" valign="top" style="width:405.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <h2><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Georgia; ">Prosecution Counsel/Assistant Trial Attorney<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">UNITED NATIONS—INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA, <b>Kigali</b>, Rwanda <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Represented the Prosecutor of the Tribunal in her prosecution, before the ICTR, of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and other international crimes committed by Rwandans in Rwanda and in neighbouring states during 1994</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="9"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1996—1997<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="405" valign="top" style="width:405.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <h2><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Georgia; ">Barrister-at-Law<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia; text-transform:uppercase">Eboe-Osuji & adetunji, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(Barristers & Solicitors), Toronto, Canada <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Argued various cases at all levels of<span> </span>courts of<span> </span>Ontario, Canada, the<span> </span>Federal Court of Canada and the<span> </span>Supreme Court of Canada; Drafted Pleadings, Legal Briefs and other Legal Documents.</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="9"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="482" style="margin-left:5.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <tbody><tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1994—1995<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="405" valign="top" style="width:405.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <h2><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Georgia; ">Barrister-at-Law<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia; text-transform:uppercase">Robinson,Hinkson,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"> Toronto, Canada<i> <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Argued various cases at all levels of courts of<span> </span>Ontario, Canada, Drafted Pleadings, Legal Briefs and other Legal Documents</i>.]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1993—1994<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="405" valign="top" style="width:405.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <h2><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Georgia; ">Barrister-at-Law<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia; text-transform:uppercase">Russell & D</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">u<span style="text-transform: uppercase">Moulin, </span>(Barristers & Solicitors), Vancouver, Canada <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Argued Cases in Court, Drafted Pleadings, Legal Briefs and other Legal Documents.</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1993(02—11)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="405" valign="top" style="width:405.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <h2><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Georgia; ">Clerk-at-Law/Barrister-at-Law<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia; text-transform:uppercase">Russell & D</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">u<span style="text-transform: uppercase">Moulin, </span>(Barristers & Solicitors), Vancouver, Canada <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Argued Cases before the Federal Court of Canada, British Columbia Small Claims Courts and Tribunals, Drafted Pleadings, Legal Briefs and other Legal Documents, Conducted Legal Research and Wrote Legal Opinions and Research Papers, etc</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;text-transform:uppercase"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1991—1992<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="405" valign="top" style="width:405.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <h2><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Georgia; ">Clerk-at-Law<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia; text-transform:uppercase">Scott & Aylen </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(Barristers & Solicitors), Ottawa<span style="text-transform:uppercase">,</span> Canada <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Argued Cases in Small Claims Courts and Administrative Tribunals, Drafted Pleadings, Legal Briefs and other Legal Documents, Conducted Legal Research and Wrote Legal Opinions and Research Papers, etc</i>.]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1989—1991<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="405" valign="top" style="width:405.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <h2><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Georgia; ">Law Researcher<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia; text-transform:uppercase">centre for Research in Air and space Law, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">McGill University,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Montreal, Canada <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Conducted Legal Research, Wrote Legal Research Papers, Conference Legal Papers, etc</i>.]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><span> </span><span style="text-transform:uppercase"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1988—1989<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="405" valign="top" style="width:405.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <h2><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Georgia; ">Law Researcher—Freelance <o:p></o:p></span></i></h2> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Montreal Canada<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Conducted Legal Research and provided Canadian and international legal instruments to asylum seekers</i>]<i> <o:p></o:p></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1986—1988<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="405" valign="top" style="width:405.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <h2><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Georgia; ">Barrister and Solicitor<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">UGOCHUKU & CO (Barristers & Solicitors), Port Harcourt, Nigeria<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Argued Cases in Court, Drafted Pleadings, Legal Briefs, Agreements, Leases, Mortgages and other Legal Documents.</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia; text-transform:uppercase"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:76.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1985—1986<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="405" valign="top" style="width:405.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <h2><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Georgia; ">Clerk-at-Law<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia; text-transform:uppercase">AHAMBA & associates </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(Barristers & Solicitors), Owerri<span style="text-transform:uppercase">,</span> Nigeria <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[<i>Drafted Pleadings, Legal Briefs and other Legal Documents, Conducted Legal Research and Wrote Legal Opinions and Research Papers, etc.</i>]<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <h4><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></h4><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Cooper Black";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Education (Advanced Law Degrees)</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Garamond"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="432" style="margin-left:32.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <tbody><tr> <td width="347" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:346.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(1) Doctor of Laws (PhD) Degree</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2709749444994563734&postID=7821677857109996225#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Cooper Black";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Cooper Black";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">University of Amsterdam</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(2) Master of Laws (LLM) Degree<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">McGill University,<b> </b>Montreal, Canada<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="86" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:85.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">2008—2011<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1989—1991</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="59" valign="top" style="width:58.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Award:</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="320" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:319.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1st Prize: </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1990 Essay Contest<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">McGill’s Graduate Programme in Air and Space Law <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="54" valign="top" style="width:54.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <!--[if !supportMisalignedColumns]--> <tr height="0"> <td width="59" style="border:none"></td> <td width="288" style="border:none"></td> <td width="32" style="border:none"></td> <td width="54" style="border:none"></td> </tr> <!--[endif]--> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoTitle" align="left" style="text-align:left"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Cooper Black'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Education (Academic Law Degrees)</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Garamond"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="432" style="margin-left:32.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <tbody><tr> <td width="347" valign="top" style="width:346.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(1) Canadian Bachelor of Laws (LLB) Equivalency</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">McGill University<b> </b>(Faculty of Law)/Joint Committee on Accreditation of the Federation of Canadian Law Societies<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td width="86" valign="top" style="width:85.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1989—1991</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="347" valign="top" style="width:346.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(2) Bachelor of Laws (LLB) (Honours) Degree<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="86" valign="top" style="width:85.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">
<br /></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1981—1985</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Garamond"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoTitle" align="left" style="text-align:left"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Cooper Black'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Education (Professional Law Degrees/Certificates)</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Garamond"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin-left:32.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <tbody><tr> <td width="347" valign="top" style="width:346.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(1) Barrister-at-Law Degree, (Professional Legal Training Course)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">The Law Society of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="86" valign="top" style="width:85.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1993 (02—04)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="347" valign="top" style="width:346.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(2) Barrister-at-Law Degree, (Bar Admission Course)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">The Law Society of Upper Canada (Ontario), Ottawa, Canada<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="86" valign="top" style="width:85.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1991(05—06)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1992(09—12)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="347" valign="top" style="width:346.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">(3) Barrister-at-Law Certificate, (The Nigerian Law School)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">The Nigerian Council of Legal Education<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="86" valign="top" style="width:85.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">1985—1986</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoTitle" align="left" style="text-align:left"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Cooper Black'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>A Summary of Notable Professional Accomplishments</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Garamond"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="450" style="margin-left:32.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <tbody><tr> <td width="450" valign="top" style="width:450.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.15pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -14.15pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"><span>(1)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Nominated by the Government of Nigeria in 2011 for election as a judge of the International Criminal Court.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.15pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -14.15pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"><span>(2)</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Nominated by the Government of Nigeria in 2008 for election as a judge of the International Criminal Court.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.15pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -14.15pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"><span>(3)</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Senior Appeals Counsel in <i>Prosecutor </i>v <i>Brima, et al</i>, Special Court for Sierra Leone<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.15pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -14.15pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"><span>(4)</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Senior Appeals Counsel in <i>Prosecutor </i>v <i>Fofana</i> <i>et al</i>, Special Court for Sierra Leone<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.15pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -14.15pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"><span>(5)</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Lead prosecution counsel in <i>Prosecutor </i>v <i>Semanza</i> (No ICTR-97-20-T) International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, judgment dated 15 May 2003; [at the end of the trial, Laurent Semanza (mayor of Bicumbi, Rwanda) was convicted of complicity in genocide, extermination as a crime against humanity, two counts of murder as a crime against humanity, rape as a crime against humanity, and torture as a crime against humanity];<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.15pt;text-indent:-14.15pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"><span>(6)</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Interim Lead Counsel in <i>Prosecutor </i>v <i>Bagosora, Nsengiyumva, Kabiligi and Ntabakuze</i> (No ICTR-98-48-T); my role in the case included preparing the case, making the opening statement, and leading the first expert witness in examination-in-chief; [http://65.18.216.88/ENGLISH/PRESSREL/2002/312chile&delponte.htm]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.15pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -14.15pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"><span>(7)</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Lead counsel in <i>Cummings </i>v <i>Budget Rent-A-Car and Zurich Ins Co </i>(1996), 29 OR (3<sup> d</sup>) 1, 136 DLR (4<sup>th</sup>) 330 (Ontario Court of Appeal, application for leave to appeal dismissed by the Supreme Court of Canada (1997), 31 OR (3<sup>d</sup>) I) - a land mark case in Canadian car insurance law: successfully tested proposition that an insurer has a duty to defend qualified young drivers whose class had been excluded rented car by the car rental company. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.15pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -14.15pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"><span>(8)</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Lead counsel in <i>Ferrel & ors</i> v <i>A-G (Ontario)</i> [‘the Employment Equity Case’] - a land mark case in Canadian constitutional right to equality: testing the proposition that the repeal of Ontario’s employment equity laws is unconstitutional and does involve a constitutionally reviewable governmental action.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:14.15pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -14.15pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"><span>(9)</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Successful defence in Nigeria of three men accused of a capital punishment offence.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoTitle" align="left" style="text-align:left"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Cooper Black'; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoTitle" align="left" style="text-align:left"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Cooper Black'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Selected Publications, Speeches and Researches</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Garamond"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin-left:12.5pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <tbody><tr> <td width="78" valign="top" style="width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Books and Mimeographs:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="374" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:373.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <ul style="margin-top:0cm" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">C Eboe-Osuji (ed), Protecting Humanity—Essays in International Law and Policy in Honour of Navanethem Pillay [Leyden, Brill: 2010]<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">Sexual Violence in Armed Conflicts: the Response of International Law [Leyden, Brill: forthcoming 2011]<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">International Criminal Law: an Inside View of an Edifice Under Construction [unpublished mimeograph].<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">Spirit of Sankey—Commentary on Aspects of Canadian Constitutional Law [unpublished mimeograph].<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia; mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="9"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="78" valign="top" style="width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Selected Articles and Book Chapters</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="374" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:373.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <ul style="margin-top:0cm" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">‘From Sympathy to Reparation for Female Victims of Sexual Violence in Armed Conflicts’ [forthcoming in the <i>African Journal of Legal Studies</i>.]<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">‘“Grave Breaches” as War Crimes: Much Ado About … “Serious Violations”’ [available on the website of the ICC Office of the Prosecutor Guest Lecture Series]<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA">‘Alibi in International Criminal Law as Viewed through the Prism of Common Law’ (2011) 22 <i>Criminal Law Forum</i> 35—102</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA">‘Prosecution of Sexual Violence against Women: a necessary component of post-conflict strategy of justice and social reconstruction in Colombia’ in K Ambos, <i>Selección y priorización como estrategia de persecución en los casos de crímenes internacionales: Un estudio comparado</i> [Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Primera edición, Bogotá, 2011]</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">‘Changing the Characterisation of Crimes after Commencement of Trials at the International Criminal Court’ 49 <i>International Legal Materials</i> (2010) p 474 <i>et seq</i><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">‘Another Look at the Intent Element of the War Crime of Terrorism’ <i>Cambridge Review of International Affairs</i> </span><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Georgia;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Cambridge Review of International Affairs</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Georgia;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">, 1474-449X, First published on 27 July 2010</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Times;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">‘Navi Pillay in Her Age’ in C Eboe-Osuji (ed), <i>Protecting Humanity.<o:p></o:p></i></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">‘Nigeria’s Jurisdiction to Prosecute Johnny Paul Koroma for War Crimes Committed during the Sierra Leone Civil War’ (with Angela Nworgu) in C Eboe-Osuji (ed), <i>Protecting Humanity.<o:p></o:p></i></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><span> </span>‘State Immunity, State Atrocities and Civil Justice in the Modern Era of International Law’ (2007) xlv <i>Canadian Yearbook of International Law</i> 223.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><span> </span>‘Crimes against Humanity: Directing Attacks against a Civilian Population’ (2008) <i>2 African Journal of Legal Studies</i> 118—129<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><span> </span>‘</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Rape as Genocide: Some Questions Arising’ (2007) 9 <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i> pp 251-273.<span><o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">‘The Role of the Security Council in Prosecuting the Crime of Aggression: an African Perspective’ (2007) 34 <i>The Monitor-Journal of the Coalition for the International Criminal Court</i> 8.<span><o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><span> </span>‘Superior or Command Responsibility – A Doubtful Theory of Criminal Responsibility at the Ad Hoc Tribunals’ in Deceaux <i>et al</i>, <i>From Human Rights to International Criminal Law</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial">[The Hague: Brill, 2007] 105.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><span> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">‘International Law, Mercenary Activities and Conflict Prevention In Africa’ [Co-author: Adama Dieng] <span>in Deceaux <i>et al</i>, <i>From Human Rights to International Criminal Law </i></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">[The Hague: Brill, 2007] 617.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><span> </span>‘Vague’ Indictments and Justice at the International Criminal Tribunals: Learning from the World of Common Law’ in C P M Waters (ed), <i>British and Canadian Perspectives on International Law</i> [The Hague: Brill, 2006] 105.</span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p></o:p></span></i></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">‘Rape and superior responsibility in international law’ [http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/organs/otp/050620_Chile_presentation.pdf].<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">‘Murder as a Crime against Humanity at the Ad Hoc Tribunals: Reconciling Differing Languages’ [(2005) <i>Canadian Yearbook of International Law </i><span>p 145</span>].<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">‘Genocide, Justice and the Forensic Sensibilities of the International Committee of the Red Cross’</span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Georgia"> </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Georgia">Chinese Journal of International Law</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"> (2006) Vol 5, No 1, p 149.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">‘Crimes Against Humanity: from <i>Finta</i> to <i>Mugesera</i>’ or ‘In Sync at Last: Canadian Law and International Law of Crimes Against Humanity’, Canadian Council on International Law<span> </span>website (November 2005)</span><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Georgia"> <</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><a href="http://www.ccil-ccdi.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=124&Itemid=76" title="http://www.ccil-ccdi.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=124&Itemid=76">http://www.ccil-ccdi.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=124&Itemid=76</a>></span><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:7.5pt;font-family: Georgia"></span></strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Georgia"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">‘The World Our Stage: Practice at the Bar of International Law’ <i>The Advocates’ Society Journal</i> (summer 2005) pp 14—16.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">‘Complicity in Genocide’ vs ‘Aiding and Abetting Genocide’: Construing the Difference in ICTR and ICTY Statutes (2005) 3 <i>Journal of International Criminal Justice</i> 56—81.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">‘Kleptocracy: a desired subject of international criminal law that is in dire need of prosecution by universal jurisdiction’, <i>African Perspectives on International Criminal Justice</i> (2005) p 121.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">‘Crimes against Humanity: the End of Im[m/p]unity in a New Order of International Criminal Law’ <i>AFLA Quarterly</i> (October—December 1999) p 15.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">‘The Jurisdiction to Prosecute Foreigners for Crimes Against Humanity Committed Abroad’ <i>AFLA Quarterly </i>(April—June 2000) p 12 [Co-author: Suzanne Schairer].<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">‘World War against Aviation Terrorism … the Role of Canada’ in MATTE (ed) <i>Arms Control and Disarmament in Outer Space: Towards a New Order of Survival</i>, vol iv, 59.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">‘The Duty to Defend an Unnamed Insured - Even the Fourth Generation Driver’ (</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1996) 14 <i>Canadian Journal of Insurance Law</i>, p 65.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Georgia"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">‘Repeal of the Ontario Employment Equity Laws: A Lesson in Denial of Equal Protection of the Laws’ in Agocs, <i>Workplace Equality: International Perspectives on Legislation, Policy and Practice’</i> (2002) p 109 [Co-author: Elizabeth McIsaac].<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">‘Healing the Rift: the Impasse between the African Union and the International Criminal Court’ <http: com="" 2010="" 03="" html=""><i><o:p></o:p></i></http:></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Georgia">‘The Proper Burden of Persuasion for the Issuance of an Arrest Warrant at the International Criminal Court’ <<a href="http://ceboe-osuji.blogspot.com/2010/02/evidential-correct-standard-for-arrest.html">http://ceboe-osuji.blogspot.com/2010/02/evidential-correct-standard-for-arrest.html</a>>;</span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p></o:p></span></i></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Georgia">‘A Thought for Kampala: Kleptocracy’ <http: com="" 2010="" 02="" html=""></http:></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p></o:p></span></i></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">‘Responsibility of States for Genocide Crimes’, <i>Law Times</i> 17 May 2007 <i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">‘Defining and Analysing Rape in International Criminal Law: an Unsettled Tug-of-War?’ [pending publication]<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">‘Forced Marriage: an International Crime?’ [pending publication]<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><span> </span>‘Burning as a Mode of the War Crime of Pillage’ [pending publication]<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><span> </span>‘Interlocutory Appeals at The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’ [pending publication]<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="9"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="78" valign="top" style="width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Theses:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="374" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:373.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <ul style="margin-top:0cm" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Aviation Incidents and the Earth-based Victims: a Review of Anglo-Canadian Tort Law </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">[Montreal: McGill LL M Thesis, 1991] v. 203 pp. ISBN: 0315744812<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Sexual Violence in Armed Conflicts and Modern International Law</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"> [Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, PhD Thesis, 2011] v. 302 pp.<i> </i><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="9"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="78" valign="top" style="width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Blogs:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="374" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:373.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <ul style="margin-top:0cm" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">‘The Correct Standard of Persuasion for an Arrest Warrant at the International Criminal Court’ <<a href="http://ceboe-osuji.blogspot.com/2010/02/evidential-correct-standard-for-arrest.html">http://ceboe-osuji.blogspot.com/2010/02/evidential-correct-standard-for-arrest.html</a>>;<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">‘Healing the Rift: the Impasse between African Union and the International Criminal Court’ <</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">http://ceboe-osuji.blogspot.com/2010/03/healing-rift-impasse-between-african.html>;<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><span> </span>‘A Thought for Kampala: Kleptocracy’: <http: com="" html=""><o:p></o:p></http:></span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="9"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="106" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:106.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Legal Research Experience:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="355" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:354.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Very Extensive - over 800 academic legal and professional legal research papers.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="106" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:106.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Selected Speeches and Lectures Invitations:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="355" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:354.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Extensive record of speaking engagements; including the following sampling:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <ul style="margin-top:0cm" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT, OTP GUEST LECTURE SERIES, The Hague, The Netherlands, 04 April 2011 [Paper Presented: ‘“Grave Breaches”’ as War Crimes: Much Ado about … “Serious Violations”?’]<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">THE NOWEGIAN RED CROSS SOCIETY, 150 Anniversary Lectures of the founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross, Oslo, Norway, 8 May 2009 [Paper Presented: ‘ICRC Neutrality and Practicalities of Prosecution]<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">NIGERIAN BAR ASSOCIATION, 2007 Annual Conference, Ilorin, Nigeria, 28 August 2007 [Paper Presented: ‘Ensuring Legally Responsible Development’]<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">INTERNATIONAL LAW ASSOCIATION, 2006 Biennial Conference, Toronto, Canada, 7 June 2006 [Paper Presented: ‘Rethinking Superior Responsibility for Rape of Women during Armed Conflicts’]<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">CANADIAN LAWYERS ABROAD, UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA CHAPTER, Conference on Staying the Hand of Vengeance: Prosecuting International Crimes, Ottawa, Canada, 10 March 2006 [Keynote Speech: ‘Empathy in Genocide Trials—The Death of Numbers’]<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">McGILL UNIVERSITY LAW FACULTY, CENTRE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND LEGAL PLURALISM, Conference on Hybrid Courts in Context, Montréal, Canada, 17 February 2006 [Moderated discussion on the Contribution of Hybrid Courts to Post-Conflict Reconciliation]<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">CANADIAN COUNCIL ON INTERNATIONAL LAW, 2005 Annual Conference, Ottawa, Canada, 27 October 2005 [Paper Presented: ‘Definition and Analysis of Rape in International Criminal Law—A Continuing Tug-of-War?’]<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS, International Conference on ‘Customary International Humanitarian Law: Challenges, Practices and Debates’, Montréal, Canada, 30 September 2005 [Paper Presented: ‘Customary International Law in the Proceedings of the International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia’]<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CANADIAN STUDIES, LEGAL STUDIES GROUP, CANADA-UK PERSPECTIVES ON PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Georgia">, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">London, England, 24 June 2005 [Paper Presented: ‘“Vague” Indictments and Justice at the International Criminal Tribunals: Learning from the World of Common Law’]<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT, OTP GUEST LECTURE SERIES, The Hague, The Netherlands, 20 June 2005 [Paper Presented: ‘Rape and superior responsibility in international law’<span> <</span><span style="text-decoration: none; "><a href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/otp/otp_guest_lecturer&id=30.html" target="_blank">www.icc-cpi.int/otp/otp_guest_lecturer&id=30.html</a>></span>]<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">ADVOCATES’ SOCIETY OF ONTARIO, Fall Convention, Scottsdale, Arizona, 19—20 November 2004 [Paper Presented: The Practice of International Law in a Changing World: a Canadian Perspective]<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">THE YUKON COLLEGE, Madison Chair Lecture, Whitehorse, The Yukon Territory, 22 November 2004 [Paper Presented: ‘Contributions of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to the Development of International Law of War Crimes’] <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, Experts Meeting on the Sierra Leone Independent Special Court and the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission, New York, 19—22 December 2001<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">AFRICA LEGAL AID, Experts Meeting on African Perspectives on Universal Jurisdiction for International Crimes, Arusha, Tanzania, November 2002 <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">AFRICA LEGAL AID, Experts Meeting on African Perspectives on Universal Jurisdiction for International Crimes, Cairo, Egypt, 30—31 July 2001 [Paper Presented: ‘Kleptocracy: A Viable Candidate for International Criminal Law, in Dire Need of Prosecution by Universal Jurisdiction’</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"">]</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Georgia"> <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">HARVARD UNIVERSITY BLACK STUDENTS ASSOCIATION, Conference on Affirmative Action, 7 and 8 February 1997<b> </b>[Title of Speech: ‘Equality, Democracy and the Politics of Self Interest’]<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Georgia">UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO LAW FACULTY, 12 March 1997<b> </b>[Title of Lecture: ‘A Principle of Duty - the State and the Elimination of Unconstitutional Discrimination’]<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Georgia">CANADIAN ASSOCIATION OF BLACK LAWYERS, 29 June 1997 [Title of Speech: ‘Justiciability of the Constitutional Challenge against the Repeal of the Employment Equity Laws of Ontario’]<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="106" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:106.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Languages:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> </td> <td width="355" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:354.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Primary Language: English <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Mother Tongue: Ibo <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia">Other Language: Advanced Level French<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <!--[endif]--> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-right:9.0pt;text-align:justify"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2709749444994563734&postID=7821677857109996225#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Georgia"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"">Gave up the Doctor of Laws (SJD) study programme at the University of Toronto, Canada, in 1997 for employment in the Office of the Prosecutor of ICTR. But recently submitted a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Laws (PhD) at the University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The Doctoral Committee has approved the thesis; and the Degree will be awarded on 27 September 2011.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> <!--EndFragment--></div><div>
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<br /></div><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dz4580Ay_IS6w5Q8qY0bA9iHK2rRLG7x8FMGB6UKMUpA1lhyZufhvErIqdfJP-U1_qZUD7mmWLFDyxQFLo4-w' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe>Chile Eboe-Osujihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12099347379732925297noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709749444994563734.post-60581021799237817972010-03-20T06:45:00.000-07:002010-03-26T08:14:08.180-07:00Healing the Rift: the Impasse between the African Union and the International Criminal Court<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Introduction</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">There are often in human affairs turbulent occurrences that grate the nerves. And just as often, they are left well alone for want of easy resolution—in hopes that passage of time will dull memory, mollify nerves, and all becomes substantially well again … eventually. But then, up pops a fresh pebble that lands smack on the still raw nerves.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Such is the story of the rift between the African Union and the International Criminal Court. An impasse was touched off in their relations when the ICC Prosecutor indicted President Omar el Bashir of Sudan in 2008. The AU protested. The trajectory of risen tension continued when an ICC Pre-Trial Chamber in 2009 confirmed the indictment in all other respects, save for the count of genocide. The AU squirmed and grumbled some more. But things came to a head when the AU requested the Security Council later in 2009 to defer the prosecution for 12 months, pursuant to article 16 of the ICC Statute. The Security Council did not act on the request. Feeling slighted and brushed aside, the AU passed a resolution, calling on African States to not cooperate with the ICC on the Bashir prosecution. This was in July 2009. </span><span style="font-size:78%;">[See Dapo Akande, ‘Is the Rift between Africa and the ICC Deepening?’: <!--StartFragment--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Cambria;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">www.ejiltalk.org/is-the-rift-between-africa-and-the-icc-deepening-heads-of-states-decide-not-to-cooperate-with-icc-on-the-bashir-case/</span></span>]</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;font-size:78%;"></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">The two sides had been carrying on with the tension still between them; perhaps hoping that things would work themselves out. But in early February 2010, the Appeals Chamber of the ICC, ruling on the Prosecutor’s appeal, reversed the Pre-Trial Chamber’s decision that quashed the genocide count and remanded the matter back to the Pre-Trial Chamber for reconsideration. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">This last event is that fresh pebble that popped up and landed on the still sore nerves of the AU. But t</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">his latest development affords occasion to reflect upon what has been gained by either side from this stalemate. The occasion is propitious, with the Kampala review conference looming large in the immediate horizon—affording, perhaps, a fresh opportunity of healing the rift. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">It must, however, be said from the outset that, as a practical matter, the burden of this reflection appears to weigh heavier on the side that resists the AU request for the article 16 deferral.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">A presumption of good faith</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">While some of the opposition to the AU request for deferral has been premised on a reasonable difference of opinions by responsible people, there remain traces of a cynical assumption in some quarters—often unspoken, but not always so—that anyone sympathetic to the AU call for the deferral must be seen as supporting, promoting or condoning impunity for violations of international humanitarian norms. The assumption is idle at best, and particularly foul when it is permitted to rise to the level of implicit or explicit suggestion that the AU leaders are just ‘a club of [African] cronies out to protect one of their own’. In fact, one CNN reporter once said as much.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">It needs to be clearly said in defence of AU leaders that they must be accorded the presumption of good faith that they deserve, when they insist that justice must be done, but that they are more immediately concerned with securing peace and stability in Darfur and Sudan. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:+0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Speaking on the Bashir indictment before the UN General Assembly in September 2008, President Jakaya Kikwete of Tanzania, the AU Chairman at the time, stressed the essential matter of justice, but insisted on the best sequencing of justice with the imperatives of security. As he put it: ‘Justice is a matter of essence—it must be done, it must be seen to be done. We are simply concerned with the best possible sequencing of measures so that the most immediate matters of saving lives and easing the suffering of the people of Darfur are taken care of first.’ </span><span style="font-size:78%;">[<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Cambria, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/detail/35916.html]</span></span></span></span></span></p><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:+0;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="font-size:+0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">What President Kikwete, the statesman, was saying late in 2008 finds eminent juristic support in the words of Benjamin Cardozo many years before: ‘</span></span><span style="font-size:+0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Justice</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> is </span></span><span style="font-size:+0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">not</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> to be </span></span><span style="font-size:+0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">taken by storm</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">. She is to be wooed by </span></span><span style="font-size:+0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">slow advances.’ Cardozo’s observation could, of course, be adjusted a little with the qualifier ‘some times’ or ‘when appropriate’. But the point is easy enough to grasp.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:+0;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="font-size:+0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">In the circumstances, the position of the AU, thus explained, deserves serious regard. It is wrong to drown out this consideration with presumptions of corrupt motive. For the reasons that follow, </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">the opposite presumption is more appropriate. First, AU leaders, more than most of the people who oppose their position, bear the heaviest burden of legitimate worry. Many of those who want nothing more than immediate arrest and prosecution of Bashir will not share with AU leaders the trauma of concrete and immediate chaos that will result from the spiralling out of control of Darfur and Sudan, were Bashir to be immediately and forcibly removed from office and arraigned at The Hague for trial. Leaders of wealthy and able nations will be constrained to consider whether their domestic public opinion will permit them to ‘send [their] young men and women in harm’s way’ in any international military effort to stabilise a nation in chaos in distant Africa. African leaders will not have that luxury.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Perhaps, Iraq must be kept in mind here; for it has become an object lesson in what happens when well-intentioned people undertake by storm the evidently just cause of removing and prosecuting bad men who hold their peoples stably together even with barbarous strings of tyranny. The prompt removal, capture, trial and execution of Sadam Hussein did not as promptly reward the people of Iraq with the promised dividends of peace and security that they deserve and clamoured for all those years under Sadam. America has now served Iraq a pullout notice, requiring Iraqis to take care of their own security. After the pullout, there will be a distance of continents and oceans and thousands of miles separating America and Iraq. But if Sudan goes the way of Iraq upon a precipitous removal of Bashir, there will be no continent or ocean or a thousand miles to separate AU leaders from Sudan. Their fate in the face of chaos in Sudan is simply that stark.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Notably also, the AU High Level Panel on Darfur, under the Chairmanship of former President Mbeki of South Africa, went to great lengths to stress that the advancement towards peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur will require an integrated package of solutions which must necessarily balance the requirements of the imperatives of peace, justice and reconciliation. The Panel was ‘convinced that any attempt to emphasise the importance of any of these three objectives at the expense of the others, would not bring about the just and stable peace we all desire for the people of Darfur, and which the Darfurians themselves seek.’ </span><span style="font-size:78%;">[</span></span></span><span style="font-size:+0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span style="font-size:78%;">See Mr Mbeki’s speech to the UN Security Council on 22 December 2009.]</span> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:+0;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="font-size:+0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">The point of the foregoing is not that tyrants must be allowed to strangle their own peoples forever with vicious cords of relative stability. The point rather is that the available choices are not limited to either (a) perpetual tyranny that promises ostensible social stability or (b) instant removal and prosecution that yields instant chaos to society. There is a middle course. That course is the AU model of sequencing and balancing of the imperatives of justice and social stability. While not a perfect model, it has been known to bring eventual justice, or the immediately realizable promise of it, in certain cases where, as in the Bashir case, the need was seen for prosecution of a malignant dictator. And that brings us to the second reason why good faith must be presumed on the part of AU leaders.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:+0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="font-size:+0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">We must not be quick to forget that it is the AU leaders that passed a resolution requiring Hissen Habre (the former President of Chad) to be tried in Senegal for violations of international humanitarian norms. Similarly, the African leaders have tacitly endorsed the prosecution of Charles Taylor. Notably, ECOWAS leaders were visibly embarrassed—and they duly protested—when David Crane (the first Chief Prosecutor of the Special Court for Sierra Leone) surprised them at an ECOWAS peace conference in Accra in June 2003, by showing up unannounced and brandishing an indictment and warrant of arrest against Charles Taylor, who then was the President of Liberia and a fellow participant at the conference. </span></span><span style="font-size:+0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Yet, neither the ECOWAS nor the AU leadership has been known to complain against the eventual arrest and trial of Charles Taylor by the Special Court for Sierra Leone, </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">sequenced</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> after his prior, safe tease-out from Liberia and grant of exile in Nigeria. Indeed, it was his asylum host, Nigeria’s President Obansanjo, that eventually arrested him from his refuge in Nigeria and handed him over to the SCSL for trial.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">These antecedents are sufficient to demonstrate the folly of the suggestion that it is the motive of protection of a fellow ‘old boy’—rather than their seriousness about sequenced measures—that explains the position of the AU leaders in respect of Bashir.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">It is for these reasons and more that the AU leaders must be accorded a presumption of good faith, rather than not, when they seek a deferral of the Bashir prosecution. [In his own blogs, Dapo Akande has reviewed other reasons why good faith should be presumed on the part of AU leaders: </span><span style="font-size:78%;">see for instance, Akande, </span></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">supra</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">. See also Dapo Akande, ‘Africa and the International Criminal Court’: </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Cambria, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">www.ejiltalk.org/africa-and-the-international-criminal-court/</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">]</span></span></span></span></span></p><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">So, what was the point of the stalemate?</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">It is also with the foregoing in mind that we return to the question: What has the impasse between the ICC and the AU achieved that inures to the benefit of the Bashir prosecution? After much reflection, the answer to this question is hardly edifying.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Notably, the current phase of the stalemate resulted from the non-action of the Security Council to the AU request for deferral—a request based on a procedure in the ICC Statute that the AU felt entitled to invoke. This is the procedure under article 16, for deferral of investigation or prosecution. Now, let us pause for a minute and consider that procedure and the reasons for it. In the words of the provision: ‘No investigation or prosecution may be commenced or proceeded with under this Statute for a period of 12 months after the Security Council, in a resolution adopted under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, has requested the Court to that effect; that request may be renewed by the Council under the same conditions.’</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Under that procedure then, the resulting deferral has a non-self perpetuating life of 12 months. A fresh resolution would have to be tabled after the 12 months, if a renewal of the deferral were needed. It is difficult to imagine that there would be much appetite (on the part of the Security Council) or conviction (on the part of the AU) for repeated renewals after the initial one. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">In addition to inquiring into the practical effects of the resistance to the AU request for deferral of the Bashir prosecution, one cannot help wondering what it was that motivated the resistance to the first AU request in the first place. That question necessarily provokes the underlying inquiry as to why it was considered necessary to have article 16 in the ICC Statute in the first place. Is the AU request wholly outside those reasons? A cursory view of the Rome Statute’s </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">travaux preparatoires</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> does not support that conclusion. Article 16 is the product of a proposal from Singapore and Canada aimed at balancing two critical interests, to wit: (a) ICC’s judicial interest in exerting justice in the face of criminal responsibility; and (b) the Security Council’s political interest in maintaining international peace and security—sometimes in precarious circumstances. That balance was adequately captured by </span></span></span><span style="font-size:+0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Mr Perrin de Brichambault of France whose remarks were recorded as follows: </span></span></span><span style="font-size:+0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">'The proposed article</span></span><span style="font-size:+0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">[16] provided an excellent working basis as far as the role of the Security Council was concerned. There must be consistency between the actions of the Court and the actions of the Security Council </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">where there were situations endangering peace</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">. The Statute should provide for the Security Council to be able to ask the Court to defer action in situations coming under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations ....' [Emphasis added.] </span><span style="font-size:78%;">[United Nations, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, Rome, 15 June - 17 July 1998, Official Records, Vol II, Doc No </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">A/CONF.183/13 (Vol. II)</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:78%;">p 189]</span><span style="font-size:+0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">. Similar comments were made by other delegations that spoke in favour of article 16. See, particularly, the comments of Mr Mwangi of Kenya<span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:78%;">[</span></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">op cit</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, p</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:78%;">317]</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> and Mr Rowe of Australia </span><span style="font-size:78%;">[</span></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">op cit</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, p</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span style="font-size:78%;">299]</span> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">who respectively spoke of the need to strike a ‘balance’ in the suggested manner. </span></span></span><b><span style="font-size:+0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Justification for the resistance to AU’s deferral request must be founded upon the proposition that the request may rightly be seen as unduly tipping that scale. But that would be a hard proposition to sustain, keeping fully in view the case of good faith made above in favour of the AU. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">At any rate, the following question still remains: what exactly was the practical value of resisting the AU their first request for deferral, when it should have been obvious to anyone that Bashir could not be arrested and arraigned before the ICC within those initial 12 months, even without the requested deferral? In the absence of a practical value to that resistance, it seems that the only result achieved has been a needless—possibly self-indulgent—aggravation of the nerves of AU’s leadership, and a resulting widening of the gulf of damaged relations. It is possible to imagine how the current reality of the product of that treatment, in terms of soured relations with the ICC, so poorly compares with that of a positive consideration of the deferral request. A positive consideration of the request would have stirred in the AU leaders feelings of respect, dignity and high regard to which they are entitled. With the leverage of the deferral, they might have been empowered to <i>achieve</i> more in terms of peace and security in Sudan and Darfur, especially if the international community had made steps along those lines conditions of the grant of the deferral request. And the damage in relations with the Court might have been avoided or repaired. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Bridging the Gulf</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">How then do we move forward in order to bridge the gulf of tension between the AU and the ICC? One important consideration in the effort to heal the rift is that the views of the AU must be treated with respect and dignity and given due regard. Failure to do that runs a great risk of alienating one of the—if not the—most important constituencies of this young Court.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">For obvious reasons, alienation of the AU will not augur well for the Court. I anticipate here a demurrer to the effect that this amounts to mixing justice with politics. It certainly is. For, it will be a painful show of naïveté to presume otherwise. But, the presence of restraining politics in the affairs of the Court ought not impede it in substantially achieving the central aim for which it was founded: being the aim of banishing impunity from the minds of persons who abuse humanity and threaten international peace and security in alarming ways. The task for the Court then is to negotiate around these political obstacles and pitfalls and fog-spots, and remain dogged in its pursuit of justice and accountability. Granted, the potential achievements of the Court in those circumstances will be attenuated, as compared to the achievements of a court operating in a political vacuum. Yet, those attenuated achievements will be far superior than would be the lot of modern civilisation in a vacuum of international criminal justice. That is to say, the glass of justice represented by the Court, operating in a political reality, is not an empty glass. It is a glass half full. That is precisely the sort of balance contemplated by article 16 of the Court’s Statute. </span></span></span></p><!--EndFragment-->Chile Eboe-Osujihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12099347379732925297noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709749444994563734.post-7506630013226205982010-02-07T02:08:00.000-08:002010-02-07T08:03:13.007-08:00A Thought for Kampala: Kleptocracy<h1 style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Onward to Kampala</span><o:p></o:p></span></h1><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">As all eyes are trained on Kampala in May-June this year, for the first review conference of the International Criminal Court, we pause to consider how else the world could use the ICC to improve the lot of Africans on whose continent the Court’s first review conference is being held.</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">There is no shortage of declarations of good intentions—backed up by evident good faith—on the part of the international community to focus attention on the need to improve the lot of Africans on their own continent. The UN's Millennium Development Goals project is but one notable example of this show of good faith. Such gestures deserve appreciation.</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Yet, anyone who has helplessly observed the local subversion of quality-of-life-improving efforts in Africa is naturally concerned that whatever it is that the international community aims to do in aid of Africa may not go the wasted ways of many other fine initiatives of foreign friends of Africa and of Africans themselves.</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">In this connection, one thinks of kleptocracy; of violation of human rights; and, of how these misconducts subvert quality-of-life-improving efforts in economically developing countries, especially those in Africa. And one wonders what to do about them, in order that efforts like the MDGs will yield the intended results—with Africans enjoying a better life, like their fellow human beings elsewhere.</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">One thing that the international community must seriously consider in this regard is the recognition of kleptocracy as an international crime and which every country must be empowered to prosecute—regardless of who committed the crime and where it was committed.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><h1 style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Kleptocracy: the Root of Much Evil</span><o:p></o:p></span></h1><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">There is little doubt that kleptocracy ranks on top of any list of the most dire social problems facing economically developing countries—especially those in Africa. When one thinks of social problems in Africa, one thinks of genocide against another ethnic (or religious) group, extermination of political opponents, extra-judicial executions, torture, persecution, arbitrary arrests and detentions, enforced disappearances, wars of aggression and the variety of war crimes that go with them, and other human rights violations of the violent kind. All these have certainly become more engaging of the immediate attention of the international community. In the very nature of things, this should be so. <o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">But, one needs to look only a little closer to see just how equally ruinous—perhaps even more ruinous—kleptocracy is in its social consequences in Africa. The apparent social costs include those revealed in the direct link often made between the enduring scourge of fatal diseases (such as the AIDS epidemic, malaria and tuberculosis) and kleptocracy in the economically developing world. Beyond this obvious recognition of the social costs of kleptocracy, there is a need also to appreciate fully the link between kleptocracy and the violent sorts of human rights violations that readily come to mind when one thinks of serious violations of international humanitarian law. </span></p><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">Kleptocracy affords both motive<i> </i>and<i> </i>opportunity to violate human rights violently—and to continue to do so. When a kleptocrat misappropriates public wealth, he has a reason to suppress such public exposure and criticism as may come from current or former colleagues and aides, opposition politicians, independent media, social interest groups, and citizens. Suppression of criticisms may take the form of extermination of political opponents and critics, extra-judicial executions, torture, persecution, arbitrary arrests and detentions, enforced disappearances, and so on. <o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">Similarly, the kleptocrat, fearing post-incumbency prosecution or loss of the venal privileges of office to which he has grown accustomed, resolves to remain in office forever, regardless of any rule of law militating against him. Any popular movement to remove him from office—even by constitutional means—may result in further violent violations of human rights. In this connection, no tactic may be seen as too depraved to consider, if it will only divert attention from the need for political change. To this end, resort may be had to such diversionary tactics as the foment of international wars of aggression or civil wars; or to the incitement of inter-racial, inter-ethnic, or sectarian conflicts—even resulting in genocide.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><h1 style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Freedom from want—a human right in need of invigoration</span><o:p></o:p></span></h1><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-indent: 0cm; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">In addition to the foregoing considerations, there is the humbler case that kleptocracy is a direct violation of human rights, under the more traditional reasoning. The point of departure here is to recall the legal tributaries of the modern stream of international law of human rights. These may be taken to be freedom of speech, freedom of belief, freedom from fear, and more relevantly—freedom from want. While the first three freedoms have received commendable emphasis under the new order of international law, freedom from want, as a concept of international law, appears often to be ignored as the poorer cousin. Yet, the right to freedom from want is very much a fundamental human right; for it has received that recognition in all the leading international instruments on human rights beginning with the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. Regrettably, Western States view with disquiet the fundamental right to freedom from want and its progenetive rights as listed above. They fear boosting these rights may result in a state of affairs in which they may be viewed as having an obligation to afford those rights to citizens of developing countries. But this concern need not impede, as a bare minimum, an incremental approach to the right to freedom from want. This could begin with an incremental approach to the right to freedom from want. <o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoBodyTextIndent3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-indent: 0cm; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">This, in turn, will necessarily begin with the minimal legal requirement view that public officials who grossly violate that right by stealing the wealth of their nations may be punished as international criminals (in a manner agreed upon by the international community). Indeed, one should reasonably expect that the reduction or elimination of kleptocracy in developing countries, as would result from this criminal proscription, would yield direct dividends to Western States. There will be a diminution or termination of the cycle of dependence of developing countries on Western foreign aid (in which event, the West may need no longer to worry about a moral or legal expectation to ensure freedom from want to citizens of developing countries). There will also be a reduction of economic immigration (and its attendant headaches) from developing countries to the West. <o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><h1 style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Kleptocracy as a Subject of International Criminal Law</span><o:p></o:p></span></h1><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">Kleptocracy has, so far, remained beyond the cognisance of international law. It is certainly not a subject of international criminal law. Yet the need to make kleptocracy a subject of international criminal law rests in the same realms of common sense and legal analogies that inspire the rule of law in general, and specific legal norms in particular. <o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">There is no need to debate here the merits of the various views of St Thomas Aquinas, St Augustine of Hippo, John Austin, Thomas Hobbes, David Hume, Ovid and Seneca for the genesis of law. For there is no room to dispute the point that laws (and sanctions for their breach) have become part of the realities of modern life. Laws have come to be viewed as the best guarantees of protection that modern civilization could devise for the values that society holds most dear, and sanctions offer a warranty of deterrence for their violation. The same guarantees and warranty of law and sanctions are just as good for society, in order to deter peculating public officers from filching the public wealth that should be used to improve the lives of citizens whose lives it is the chief duty of public office to improve with the public wealth. <o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">And by way of appreciable legal analogy, there should be little difficulty in conceiving of the elevation of kleptocracy to the rank of subjects of international criminal law, for some of the same sources of international law (custom, conventions and general principles of law) may be relied on to produce this result in the usual fashion.<span style=""> </span>All that is needed is a conscious effort to mobilise the trend. <o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><h5 style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h5><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">One point of this analogy is necessarily a reference to evolutions in custom and usages, by which rules of international law and practice tend to emerge. <o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><h5 style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h5><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a most venerable fountain of customary international law of human rights. Part of its value, in this connection, is its aspiration for an international order in which fundamental human rights can be fully realised. Now, after numerous conventions, UN resolutions and hortatory declarations of general principles, vainly urging states to do their best to promote human rights—while leaving it entirely up to them to do so, upon the premise that the principle of sovereignty of nations forbids outside intervention for inside respect for human rights—the international community appears now to have found the courage to visit with criminal sanctions individuals who grossly violate the fundamental human rights of others. But this resolve appears thus far to focus exclusively on gross violations of human rights—violent type.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">Given, however, the equally dire consequences of gross violations of human rights in the venal order of kleptocracy, the inclusion of kleptocracy in the class of violations which ought to be punished by criminal sanctions would seem but a natural extension of the current resolve to subject to criminal punishment gross violations of human rights. Thus, it seems that this current trend in customary international law to meet violent violations of human rights with international criminal law, should afford an impetus for similar treatment of kleptocracy since it produces similar results for the citizens victimised, albeit in a less precipitous manner.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">Similarly, all conventional conceptions of crimes against humanity eschew ‘other inhumane acts’, beyond the usual enumeration of specific types of crimes qualifying as crimes against humanity. Clearly, kleptocracy is a most inhumane act when it results in dehumanising misery, ignorance and disease to helpless citizens whose lot would have been improved by the stolen resources. <o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">The final point of analogy to be drawn here will be to general principles of law recognised by modern nations. Two points may briefly be made here. First, there is hardly any nation where the offence of theft, fraud or breach of fiduciary duty by public officials is not a crime. That being the case, there is nothing radical at all in making kleptocracy a crime under international law. And, second, in most jurisdictions, especially under the common law model, it is a crime to omit to provide the necessaries of life to those under one’s custody and care. Undoubtedly, the crime of failure to provide will be aggravated where the custodian would have self-appropriated, beyond his or her own basic needs, any available resources needed to provide the necessaries of life for those under his or her care.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><h1 style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The Need for Universal Jurisdiction over Kleptocracy</span><o:p></o:p></span></h1><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">For gross, violent violations of human rights international law now recognises the power of a power in every state to prosecute offenders in its own courts. This <u>same</u> power should be given to states to enable them prosecute kleptocrats. The same justifications that warrant this power over the more readily recognisable international crimes also recommend themselves in the case of kleptocracy. (1) It is a crime that often shocks the conscience of humanity. That victims of Aids, malaria or hepatitis-B are dying without medical care in an African country, while their heads of state keep siphoning off public funds to their own Swiss bank accounts is a conduct that shocks the conscience. (2) That such a head of state may resort to a gross, violent violation of human rights, such as torture, in order to suppress exposure or criticism for the theft, or avoid constitutional removal from office, has certainly been accepted as a crime against humanity, warranting universal jurisdiction. (3) More immediately, the kleptocrat may flee his country or shroud himself with a self-designed and self-serving amnesty law, in order to avoid prosecution at home, while he retains his ill-gotten wealth in the face of the continuing suffering of his people. (4) And, these victims of kleptocracy are usually powerless to prosecute the culprits at home, even in the absence of amnesty.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><h1 style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Conclusion</span><o:p></o:p></span></h1><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><h5 style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h5><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">There is a grave need then for the international community to recognise kleptocracy as an international crime, which every country should have the power to prosecute—regardless of who committed the crime and where it was committed. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">One hopes—and expects—that members of the Assembly of States Parties to the ICC would lend their significant weight towards achieving this desirable state of international affairs, as they did with the establishment of the permanent International Criminal Court. <o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </div><p style="text-align: left;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:georgia;">Not only will the international criminal proscription of kleptocracy assist in the true realisation and consolidation of the other efforts such as the MDGs and many other inititives, but such proscription will be, in itself and above all, a lasting gift of justice to the ordinary citizens of Africa and the developing world in dire need of it.</span></span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>Chile Eboe-Osujihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12099347379732925297noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709749444994563734.post-4240026601995112752010-02-03T08:38:00.000-08:002010-02-07T01:31:31.281-08:00The Correct Standard of Persuasion for an Arrest Warrant at the International Criminal Court<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">On 3 February 2010, the Appeals Chamber of the ICC overturned the decision of the Pre-Trial Chamber in the case of <i>The Prosecutor v Omar Bashir</i><span style="">, relating to the count of genocide</span>: </span><i style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">Prosecutor v Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (Judgment on the Appeal of the Prosecutor against the “Decision on the Prosecution's Application for a Warrant of Arrest against Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir”)</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"> Doc No ICC-02/05-01/09-OA dated 3 February 2010 [ICC Appeals Chamber], hereafter referred to as the ‘Appeals Chamber’s Decision’]</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">The Pre-Trial Chamber had dismissed the count of genocide in the Bashir indictment, on grounds that the Prosecution had not discharged the burden of persuasion regarding the existence of specific intent on the part of Mr Bashir for the crime of genocide.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">The prosecution case for genocidal intent was not direct. Rather, it hinged upon inferences urged by the Prosecution to be drawn from ‘a comprehensive consideration of [a number of] factors’: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">see <i style="">Prosecutor v Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (Decision on the Prosecution's Application for a Warrant of Arrest against Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir)</i> Doc No ICC-02/05-01/09 dated 4 March 2090 [ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I], hereafter referred to as the ‘Pre-Trial Chamber’s Decision’, para 162</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">At issue in the appeal was how to interpret the standard stipulated in article 58(1)(a) of the ICC Statute. According to that provision, the Pre-Trial Chamber shall issue a warrant of arrest if it is satisfied that there are 'reasonable grounds to believe' that a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court has been committed.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">According to the Pre-Trial Chamber, the manner of application of this standard, in cases where the Prosecution relies upon inferences to prove an essential element of the crime, is by showing that the urged inference is the only reasonable one that may be drawn in the prevailing circumstances. In the view of the Pre-Trial Chamber, the Prosecution had not shown this to be the case in respect of Mr Bashir's genocidal intent. Therefore, the genocide count was quashed. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">The Prosecution appealed. They complained that requiring a showing of only-reasonable-inference-to-be-drawn is tantamount to imposing a standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt - a higher standard that is only engaged as a matter of finding of guilty or not guilty. According to them, the standard of persuasion for the issuance of an arrest warrant should be much less onerous.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">The Appeals Chamber agreed with the Prosecution: ‘</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">In the view of the Appeals Chamber, requiring that the existence of genocidal intent must be the only reasonable conclusion amounts to requiring the Prosecutor to disprove any other reasonable conclusions and to eliminate any reasonable doubt. If the only reasonable conclusion based on the evidence is the existence of genocidal intent, then it cannot be said that such a finding establishes merely “reasonable grounds to believe”. Rather, it establishes genocidal intent “beyond reasonable doubt”’: </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">Appeals Chamber’s Decision, para 33</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">Consequently, the Appeals Chamber reversed the Pre-Trial Chamber's decision and remanded the matter to the Pre-Trial Chamber: </span><i style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">ibid</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">, paras 41 and 42</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">Oddly, though, the Appeals Chamber declined to give guidance to the Pre-Trial Chamber as to the correct applicable standard for the issuance of a warrant of arrest: </span><i style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">ibid</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">, para 42</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"> Rather, the Appeals Chamber left it up to the Pre-Trial Chamber to devise the correct standard, as they reconsidered the case. In this regard, the Appeals Chamber could have been more helpful with the needed guidance.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">The needed guidance should not be a very difficult one to give. The concept of 'reasonable grounds to believe' should be a rather straight-forward matter of asking the following questions:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">(i) Are there grounds to believe? If yes,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">(ii) Are those grounds reasonable?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">The warrant should not issue if any of these questions lends itself to a negative answer. But the warrant should issue if those two questions are answered in the affirmative.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">As the crucial test is one of reasonableness, it should not matter that there may be an alternative reasonable inference that also may be drawn in the circumstances, which inference is inconsistent with that urged by the Prosecution. This is for the simple reason that perfectly reasonable persons may differ in their views as to what is reasonable.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">As casual takes might suggest: the ICC Appeals Chamber has now cleared the way for the genocide trial of Mr Bashir. Indeed, some early media reports hastily suggested so. But this is far from correct. All that the Appeals Chamber has done are: (a) disagreed with the basis upon which the Pre-Trial Chamber had earlier rejected the genocide count—the disagreement was notably indicated by the Appeals Chamber to be only ‘to that extent’ [</span><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">ibid</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">, para 41]</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">; and (b) sent the case back to the Pre-Trial Chamber for reconsideration.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">Hence, the Appeals Chamber's decision does not prevent the Pre-Trial Chamber from rejecting, once more, the genocide count: if the Pre-Trial Chamber finds either that (a) there is no ground to believe that there existed a genocidal intent, or (b) that such a ground to believe (even if it exists) is not reasonable. And this is a question on which the jury remains out, for the following reasons: (i) the majority of the Pre-Trial Chamber (in their first decision) appeared quite skeptical of the Prosecution's urging that the inferences of genocidal intent were reasonable [</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">see Pre-Trial Chamber’s Decision, para 163 <i style="">et seq</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">]—quite apart from the Pre-Trial Chamber's impugned only-reasonable-inference-to-be-drawn reasoning; and, (ii) the International Commission of Inquiry (led by Prof Antonio Cassese as he then was) had ‘</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">concluded that the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide’</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"> [</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">see United Nations, Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the Secretary-General, Doc No S/2005/60, of 1 February 2005, paras 518, 522, 640—642, especially at para 640</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">], </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US">although there were reasonable grounds to believe that other international crimes (such as war crimes and crimes against humanity) had been committed: </span><i style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">ibid</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">, para 521, 522, 630—639</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";">.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Cambria","serif";" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" ></span><span style=";font-family:";" >.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;" class="MsoNormal"></p>Chile Eboe-Osujihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12099347379732925297noreply@blogger.com2